Important Steps to Take for Hail Damage on Your Roof!

A roof is very susceptible to hail damage from a storm. When such strong weather happens, it can create a minimal to severe loss. The impact may cause: dents; holes; pockmarked paint; chipped or split tiles; and granular loss. Several subsequent symptoms may appear that strongly suggest that such damage has occurred.

One way to avoid spending too much money for repairs if the housetop is damaged from a storm is to have homeowners insurance that will handle necessary repairs and replacement. If the structure is insured, a claim can be filed and the insurance company will send an estimator to assess the extent of the damage.

The housetop must be inspected by a trained and experienced estimator to be sure that all the loss is properly noted. Even if the inspector only finds minimal damage, an insurance claim should still be filed with the insurance company.

Following are indications of major hail damage:

Dents and Pits – This is major evidence of storm devastation. It may differ based on the angle of the structure. When hail strikes, flat housetops may have deeper dents compared to pitched ones. The appearance of damage will be greater on metal roofing than on asphalt shingles or slate.

Paint Disturbance – Some housetop materials are painted with different colors for beautification purposes. If hail hits this material, it may cause flaking of the paint which can lead to pockmarks. These marks are very unattractive and cause a very negative impression of the entire roof appearance even if the damage is not that severe.

Granular Loss – The most commonly used material on roofs is asphalt shingles. After a hail storm, this type of material will sometimes develop granular loss. If this happens, nail heads will begin to show and this could be the start of a leaking roof. The difference between normal granular loss and severe weather destruction is the shape. Normal wear and tear has a uniform granular loss while hail impact is circular and more localized.

Damaged Wood and Tile – Hail size may range from approximately pea size up to softball or grapefruit size. Because of this, the power with which it strikes a surface can contribute to severe damage to the roofing materials. This frozen water form that falls on the housetop may chip, fracture, scratch, and split wood or tile shingles.

Knowing the indications of hail damage is vital in determining a plan of action to address the roofing systems need for repairs or replacement. If these indications are observed during an initial assessment, the homeowner should check their insurance policy to ensure that they carry property damage coverage and then file a homeowners claim. After taking this initial step, a roofing contractor should be called to also examine the roof and prepare an estimate of any destruction related to the hail storm. Under most circumstances, insurance companies prefer to make their own estimates and will send an estimator to prepare a detailed appraisal of the related storm loss.

Modern Industries with Quality output

Lethbridge is one of the cities of South Albert province located in Canada. It is a small city consisting of a population of 86,659. Many commercial and residential areas are coming up in the city. Hence for the development of the city like Lethbridge, there are industries manufacturing and supplying domestic hardware products to cater to the needs of the common people. Most of the companies provides services like plumbing, welding, HVAC, heating, roofing and metal fabrication for residential and commercial purpose.

Canada is a high altitude country and hence the weather here is mostly cold. Therefore, people need to keep high end appliance at home, commercial place and at work places to keep the indoor temperature friendly. To come up with a solution to this problem the service providers have brought many products like heaters and boilers. They also cater service to leakages of the roof and rooftops. Hence Lethbridge roofing services is done in various houses and residential premises with premium quality. The service providers provide all types of roofing services like built up roofing, sbs bent up roofing, hot rubberized roofing, single ply EPDM and single ply PVC membrane Lethbridge roofing to the city. They are also into the repairs of the existing rooms and services for new installation. Other roofing services also include waterproofing, commercial air type and vapor barrier roofing.

Other than this, they also provide Lethbridge Heating services where the conventional types of heaters are not used in residences, schools or commercial areas. The conventional types of heaters consumed a lot of space, electricity and maintenance. They are now replaced by Lethbridge Heating services with new heaters like the branded and eco friendly Lennox gas furnaces that are easy to use and also have low maintenance cost. They have distinct features like quiet operation, quality construction, and space saving feature with flexible installation, good performance and low energy bills. They also provide water heaters for hot water bathing and for household work 24 hours a day, even in a cold climate.

Lethbridge HVAC is also known as Heating Ventilating & Air Condition system. This service is latest in technology. Lethbridge HVAC is being used in offices and in school classroom to provide good ventilation to staff at work place and to students in classroom. Lethbridge Metal Fabrication uses technology required in industries for heavy workload. Metal Fabrication is needed to mould the metal and give it a proper desired shape. It is done with the help of plasma heating. They are then cut into proper slices and are finally fabricated. Fabrication is done to products like refrigerator cabinet, shelves and coolers. Kitchen cabinets too are covered in fabrication. Lethbridge Roofing is also done to big structures like hospital roofs.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Push-fit Fittings

Different Types of Plumbing Fittings
– In the UK there are two ways in which most plumbing is done, the first and most common is done with copper pipe and fittings, the other is the newer plastic push fit system. The copper pipe and fittings has come under scrutiny recently as the joining of the copper pipes is increasingly
difficult as it is often time consuming and awkward due to the fact that copper pipe is often supplied in straight lengths meaning that it needs
to be joined or bent when ever a change of direction occurs. Plastics on the other hand, like that of the push fit system helps to eradicate this awkwardness. Push fit gives you a simple and easy way to make a joint without losing reliability and can be straightforwardly broken down and reassembled.

Advantages of Push-fit
– Plastic pipe is flexible; it is able to bend in a non-linear fashion. Copper piping has limited flexibility.
Plastic piping will not burst. Copper piping has a tendency to freeze and burst leaving huge amounts of damage making it harder to introduce this into
cold areas like cellars. Very much in contrast to plastic pipe.
Due to its flexibility plastic pipe can be pushed thought holes in joists rather than being laid in notches. This is not realistic with copper piping
as it is hard to get the holes in line.
Push fit systems can also be used with copper pipe when so desired as it is very adaptable.

Disadvantages of Push-Fit
– Due to its flexibility the plastic pipe will not support its own weight. This is will not jeopardize its ability to work however, but it would be difficult to poke a bent pipe through a hole in floor boards.
Plastic pipe cannot come into contact with anything that is very hot, for example a boiler. If in contact with a boiler there is a possibility that it could melt therefore it is advised that metal pipe work is used for the first few feet.
Aesthetically the plastic pipes are bigger and less attractive than its copper counter parts.
Plastic pipes and fittings are pricier than their competitor copper.

Availability
– Like that of the copper piping, plastic piping is available in both 15mm and 22mm diameter. They are available in a wide range of accessories
including: straight, right angled and Tee couplings. Washing machine taps, tap connectors, in-line stopcocks, one-way valves, stop ends and tank connectors.

Useful Suggestions
– If you don’t normally use plastic fittings it is certainly worth keeping some around, especially in the winter. If a pipe bursts you will be able to fix the problem in a matter of minutes and the effects will be long lasting.

Roofing Contractors in Nova Scotia

Keeping the home well maintained and cared for at all times is known to be a process filled with stresses and complications of all kinds. There are usually many facets of this process that can become overwhelming for anyone involved as well as being very expensive in varied degree. People considering this process should know what to consider when choosing a great roofing company Nova Scotia to ensure they gain as much from this process as possible.

Roofs are known to serve an integral source of function and appeal for anyone involved with it today. This is the portion of the home that creates protection from the outside elements along with the structural integrity for the remainder of the structure. Issues that are found in this segment of the house should be left to a professional to address.

The entire Nova Scotia is currently home to quite a few companies that are trained and skilled in this area of the maintenance. This is known to provide a significant amount of variety as well as complication which should all be sorted through successfully. Factoring in a few key components helps ensure that a great choice is ultimately made.

A very noted consideration in going through with this choice is making sure the business performs a free consultation. Consultations are always crucial in that it determines the issue and what is required for repairs. This should be offered at reduced fees to the owner.

The business being considered should also offer all materials that are required for the project at a discounted rate. Most supplies that are necessary for repairs are reputed to be very costly when added up. Make sure those being considered offer wholesale discounts whenever possible.

If You have already found a roofing contractor that you feel is dependable, fair and qualified and have negotiated what you think is a fair price. It’s time to sign the agreement for the work to start.

Wait! Before you agree to anything you want to go over five things with your contractor. Trust me, taking a little extra time and checking these details will save you a lot of headache in the future.

Do Not Pay the Total Amount Up Front

It is smart to pay in stages as the work progresses. If you pay in advance you might never see the guys again (worst case scenario but it happens).

Split it up in three stages. As one phase has been created you give them a portion of the total cost of the roof. Of course it is standard practice for them to get 30% up front to pay for materials and supplies.

Make Sure Quality Materials Are Being Used

You are paying a lot for a new roof and you need to make sure quality materials that will hold up are being used. Many times a roofing company will be able to offer a lower bid because they are using inferior materials. A good installation with quality materials will equal a roof that lasts 20 years but using inferior materials could half that lifespan.

Are They Doing the Work or Subcontracting It Out

You want to find out who will be coming to your home. If there is a problem will you be speaking with another company who was hired by the general contractor or the actual people you signed the contract with.

Ideally you do not want a subcontractor doing the work. The whole chain of command is messed up. If you have a problem, for any reason, with the people doing work at your home you do not know who to call. Everyone will say they are not the ones in charge and pass the blame.

Payment Terms

Here is a suggestion. Pay for your new roof with your credit card so that you can get air miles. A typical rewards ticket cost 25,000 miles so a new roof will get you close. The problem is that many contractors do not take credit cards because they do not want to absorb the 2% fee they are charged.

Nevertheless, if they allow it I would do it that way. If not then I would recommend you pay with a post- dated check.

Finally, a roofing company Nova Scotia should only be chosen based upon pricing. Many professionals charge high hourly rates plus the cost of supplies. Seek out professionals that combine and discount these rates whenever possible.

A General Overview of ADT Safewatch VideoView Home security Camera Systems

These days, video surveillance technology is indisputably one of the most effectual ways to augment the security of your houses. Since its very advent, it has adeptly mitigated the various security concerns of the people and this is also one of the chief reasons behind its colossal popularity. However, opting for this up to date technology is not at all a trivial issue and hence it is very important that you must take the assistance of some of the veteran and well-known home security solutions providers, such as, ADT.

A Brief Introduction on ADT Video Surveillance System:

ADT video surveillance system is a part of the ADT home security solutions. ADT trained personnel tactically places the cameras in every single corner of your residence and in this way defends the same from all sorts of dangers and misfortunes.

What are ADT Safewatch VideoView home security camera systems?

In addition, with ADT Safewatch VideoView home security camera systems, you can even watch video from any room in the house from any of the connected television or monitor. ADT Safewatch VideoView even allows the users to keep an eye on every single portion of their house through any smart phone or iPad, even while they are traveling abroad.

Diverse Features of ADT Safewatch VideoView:

Secure Viewing: With the advanced data encryption and security features of ADT Safewatch VideoView, now you no longer need to get concerned regarding the protection of your privacy.

ADT Remote Server: ADT remote server competently obtains the video footage from the ADT cameras, which are located in every single corner of your domicile.

See who is standing at Your Door: Furthermore, with ADT Safewatch VideoView home security camera systems, now you can effectively see whos standing outside the door. In this way, you can even verify whether your family members have arrived home safely or not.

Check who is in Your Home: ADT Safewatch VideoView home security camera systems even have the potency to record up to 30 seconds of each triggered event. ADT Safewatch VideoView even plays a significant role in saving up to 30 days of continuous activity with DVR.

Watch your Kids: Whats more, with ADT Safewatch VideoView, you can even keep an eye on every single action of your kid from any of the room in your house.

Keep an Eye on your Home from Anywhere: ADT Safewatch VideoView home security camera systems even enable you to maintain a constant surveillance on both your home and pets even while you are traveling abroad for any kind of business purposes.

Defend Your Property: Last but not the least, ADT Safewatch VideoView even provides you with active email alerts whenever any kind of trouble arises in your home.
Apart from this, ADT video surveillance systems further treats the clients with some of the attractive packages like,

ADT Indoor Camera Package
ADT Camera packages
ADT Multi-Camera Package
ADT DVR Package

All of these ADT video surveillance packages incorporate with some of the additional facilities like, ADT Indoor Color Cameras, ADT Digital Video Recorder etc.

Self Storage Buildings – Why Steel Structures Are The Best

Self storage buildings made of steel offer benefits to owners as well as customers. More and more people are discovering the cost effectiveness, sturdiness, and eco-friendliness of car storage, boat storage, furniture storage, garage storage, and RV storage facilities built of steel.

Owners

Setting up a self storage business is easy. You can easily find a business loan because this is seen as lucrative, low risk business. Self storage buildings of steel are cheap and easy to construct. You need to invest little, and the returns are high. Business is booming because more and more people understand the advantages of self storage. Therefore, occupancy is high at all times. What is more, self storage is seen as a recession resistant business. People might stop buying homes, but they will always need extra storage space.

Cost of steel self storage buildings is as much as 60% lower than concrete buildings. Steel is weather proof, fire proof, and corrosion resistant. It does not encourage growth of pests and mold. Steel self storage buildings can be easily constructed and expanded. These buildings are low on maintenance. The surface can be painted in attractive colors to resemble concrete, brick, or stone. The cost benefits of steel buildings are passed on to customers.

Customers

If you are looking for extra storage space, a self storage warehouse may be the best answer for your needs. Storage warehouses are safe, fireproof, and pest resistant. Most self storage buildings have foolproof security arrangements such as 24/7 guards, swipe card keys, and fire alarms.

Many steel self storage buildings are constructed from recycled steel. This makes them ecofriendly and acts as an added incentive for environment conscious customers. Self storage can be used for all occasions whenever a little extra space is desirable – for de-cluttering homes, storing inventory and documents, or during relocation.

Homeowners use self storage warehouse during home renovations. The storage facility can hold their belongings until renovations are complete. Moving storage services offer portable storage containers that are delivered to the customer. They can put their belongings in the container and have it sent to the moving and storage facility or to their new destination. Moving storage services offer discounts for storage if customers use their moving service.

Self storage warehouses are located all across the US. Therefore, finding one close to your location is not very difficult. You can select storage units or portable containers from a range of sizes. This helps you save on costs, because rental rates depend on size of the container and facilities such as round-the-clock security, post-business-hours access, and climate control.

Self storage buildings can accommodate every type of item, from large boats, bulky furniture, and heavy home appliances and business equipment to delicate electronic equipment, CDs, documents, and antiques. Steel structures offer additional security to customers and maintenance-free ownership to proprietors.

You Have a Roofing Estimate, Now What

Calling contractors and asking for estimates is the easy part; now you need to compare the estimates you received. Always ask for a detailed estimate in writing . It is impossible to make an informed decision if you are not given all of the information. Before you begin your review of the written estimates, call the Contractor references of past customers and have your notes from the ensuing conversation handy as you review each estimate.

Although the bottom line is important, never compare estimates only by the overall cost . As you review your estimate, here are some of the questions you should be asking yourself:

Review Your Roofing Estimate and compare material price vs quality. If the estimate does not contain a detailed breakdown of materials and labor, call the contractor and ask for this information. To bring in the lowest bid, your contractor may have priced your project using a lower quality roofing product which could impact the lifespan of your roof. It is always necessary to weigh the benefits of quality versus price when you are reading estimates. It may be worthwhile in the long run to pay extra now and save hassle a few years down the road.

Also pay close attention to the type of insulation and sealants that are budgeted for your project. Although the cost differential is not high between a thinner insulation product and one with more layers, the quality of the product will directly affect your costs after the roof is installed. If you use a thicker insulation, the amount of heat or cold that seeps into your home will be significantly lessened, thus lowering the amount you will be paying for air conditioning or heat.

Although it is not recommended that you climb up on your roof to measure and determine the amount of material needed, look closely at the estimate from your contractor to make sure they are bidding the correct amount of material. If the contractor has never measured your roof, but offers a decisive amount of materials to be used, ask him to justify his number. Be sure that you are paying for the amount of material you need , and not material that will never be used, or not enough material to complete the job thus running up significant unexpected costs.

If the amount budgeted for labor and “pass-through” costs such as the transportation of materials seems high, dig deeper and determine where the cost comes from. A good contractor will often charge a bit more for labor because he has the extra cost of providing training and salary to quality workmen, but be careful because oftentimes higher cost will equal a higher profit margin for the contractor and not better quality for you.

Ask for customer references and understand the responses you receive from the customer references carefully; these are the people who were so pleased with the contractor they were happy to have their name given as a reference. Have your list of questions handy when you interview a reference, and take notes of their answers.

Take detailed notes as you review each estimate, listing your questions and summarizing the overall bid and response from the customer references for each contractor. Once you finish a detailed review of each estimate, take your notes and compare the estimates . Only then will you be able to get a true comparison of what is being offered.

Coil Roofing Nailers..a Review

Pneumatic nailers and staplers are among the most dangerous construction tools used on jobsites, and can cause serious injuries to both the operator and workers nearby if used improperly. All workers should receive proper training on these tools, including instructions about compressor settings, hose connections, and fastening procedures, before being allowed to use them. And all equipment should be checked before use, carefully maintained, and removed from service if there is any question about its safe functioning.

Here is a “Code of Safe Practices” that every employer should review with workers that use pneumatic tools.

Before You Start

* Only allow experienced, trained, and authorized workers to operate pneumatic nailers and staplers.
* Always wear safety glasses.
* Use hearing protection if working with noisy tools or in a restricted space.
* Inspect tools before connecting them to the air supply.
* Check that all tool mechanisms are attached.
* Tighten all screws securely.
* Ensure that all guards are in place.
* Check compressor and pressure settings before connecting tools.
* Check that tools are correctly and securely connected to the air supply hose, and that hoses are in good shape.
* Always handle a tool as if it’s loaded with fasteners (nails, staples, etc.).
* Disconnect tools from the air supply during cleaning or adjustment. Before clearing any blockage or misfire, be sure that depressing the trigger empties all air and releases all pressure from the tool.
* Only use fasteners recommended by the manufacturer.
* Only permit properly trained people or manufacturers to carry out tool maintenance and service.
* Disconnect tools if left unattended. OSHA requires workers to stay within 25 feet of unattended tools, or disconnect them if farther away.

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* Paslode Nailer

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Coil Roofing Nailer

bosticdh rn46 nailer

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Coil roofing nailer ..a review

By Mike Guertin

Coil roofing nailers are the most abused tools on my jobsite. They withstand blistering rooftop heat under summer sun, take two-story high-dives onto frozen mud in winter, and endure constant grinding as I drag them across 10-grit shingle granules. And that doesnt even account for the grime that builds up inside and outside the tools from working in this merciless environment. So, to say roofing nailers have a tough job is an understatement.
Test Criteria

I field-tested 11 nailersthe Bostitch RN46, Craftsman 18180, DeWalt D51321, Hitachi NV45AB2, Makita AN451, Max CN450R, Paslode 3175-RCU, Porter-Cable RN175A, Ridgid R175RNA, Senco 455XP, and Spotnails VRN45putting them through their turns fastening heavy laminated (aka architectural or dimensional) shingles in cold and moderate weather conditions. While I looked at operational functions (power and recoil, depth-of-drive adjustments, driver blades, and exposure gauges) and ergonomic and durability features (reloading nails, handling, and wear guards), it was power, recoil, and speed that mattered most. At the beginning, middle, and end of the day, I need a nailer that skips across shingles with minimal recoil and flush-drives every nailevery time.
The Driving Force

Power and Recoil. I dont have the gear to objectively test a nailers driving power, so I gauge it with my hammerthe more I have to take my hammer out of my loop to pound down proud heads, the more air pressure I know a nailer needs. Since all the tools in the test specify a pressure operating range of 80120 psi, I set my compressor with an output regulator to 100 psi. I then ran the tank at 110130 for constant air output, which leveled the playing field for all the nailers. Most of my roofs are sheathed with 5/8-inch AdvanTechan exceptionally dense productand I typically install 35-year or better laminated shingles. Like most roofers, I position the shingles and bounce-nail across each course. My speed is greatly influenced by how fast a nailer cycles and how little recoil it has. To maintain top speed, I want little or no recoil so the tool skips across the surface rather than jumping after every nail.

The Max, Hitachi, Senco, DeWalt, Spotnails, Porter-Cable, and Bostitch all drove nails consistently with little recoil. The Makita and Ridgid were noticeably less powerful with medium recoil, leaving occasional proud nail heads. The Craftsman and Paslode needed more power for my roofs. Even with the depth-of-drive dialed to the max and the compressor regulated at 100 psi, the Craftsman couldnt set all the nails on a full row of shingles and the recoil was too strong while bump-nailing. The Paslode recoiled a little less but was also underpowered, and without a depth adjustment there was no way to increase drive depth to compensate.
Photo: David Sharpe
The nose-mounted depth-of-drive adjustment on the Bostitch is easy to dial-in.

Drivers. Drivers are among the most expensive replacement parts on a roofing nailer, and as they wear down nail heads dont set flat. The good news is that you can grind a driver two or three times before it becomes too short and needs replacing.

Learn more at the website in the resources below.

Atlanta Roofing system

In todays world everyone wants to avail cheaper yet useful facilities. In case of Atlanta water damage is a very common thing you can find in most of the places. That is why one needs to take a lot of care about the roofs and walls. In Atlanta water damage is something that you can always control in a fair budget. Whenever the home owners see any water damages they usually give up. But one must try Atlanta roofing by themselves by insuring their property and opting for other options. If you have any types of property insurance then you need not think about the Atlanta roofing expenses at all. You just need to find out a reliable Atlanta roofing company for the service. You need to check a few Atlanta roofing companies before finalizing with any one.

You can even search online about various Atlanta roofing company and their quotes. Obviously you must not rush to the first company you speak to. That is why internet is a better option for you. You must maintain your roofs properly to avoid future troubles in the roof and walls. You can search for plumber in Atlanta or can organize your ads by Atlanta handyman. If you are giving the ads then you can easily organize all your ads using Atlanta handyman for better result. Your success depends a lot on the ad grouping and management. Otherwise success will surely stay far away from you.

Whenever you are building or renovating your home the first thing you need to take care is the drainage system. The repairing and restoration is very important. If things are not done in a proper way then it can further lead to other troubles. You obviously cannot afford to repair or renovate your home multiple times a year. There are many home owners who do not understand the right time to repair the gutter system and affected by water damage. You will find that the most commonly used material in Atlanta roofing is wood. This is cheap and safe both. If you are planning to renovate then wood is the first thing that you can opt for. Otherwise, there are other materials available but they are little pricy. But if you feel then you can opt for them too. Technology is making a fast progress and that is why nowadays you can check all the material and their pros and cons before opting for anyone.

You also need to check the rates properly various companies offer various rate. You must choose the convenient option from there. It is about your own home and that is why it needs to be the best place for you.

How To Build A Roof Garden

The concept of a roof garden is not a new one. In fact, it is centuries old!. If you live in an urban area, your dreams of having a garden may be difficult to achieve. Not so if you consider a roof garden!

More and more communities are encouraging their residents to plant roof gardens. The environmental and psychological benefits are numerous. Not only is gardening a calming and relaxing activity, which can reduce stress related illnesses, it also has great benefits for the environment. Building a rood garden on your home or apartment building decrease storm water runoff, reduce fire risks, help decrease heating and cooling costs and can protect your roof from the effects of ultra-violet light and frost.

There are three types of roof gardens and the three types related to the amount of maintenance they require, the depth of soil and the type of plants they will support. They are: Extensive living roofs These are easy to maintain and use little soil. Extensive living roofs are lightweight and lend themselves well for use on sheds, garages and small extensions. As they tend to be harsh environment, suitable plants are ones that are found on cliffs or other harsh environments. While this type of roofs gardens are the easiest to maintain, they also have the least visual appeal. Semi-extensive living roofs These garden roofs are more decorative as they have deeper soils which can support a greater variety of plants. However, the increased soil depth makes these types of roof garden more heavy, so a sound structure is require to support them. They combine the relatively low maintenance of extensive living roofs with a more appealing appearance. Intensive living roofs These are full-fledged gardens and require large and strong support structures.

One of the main considerations when planning a roof garden is the roof itself. While flat roofs lend themselves the best to roof gardens, it is also possible to green pitched, barreled and domed roofs. An easy access to the roof is also important as I am sure you would not be able to enjoy your roof garden as much if you have to climb a ladder every time you want to look at it. The roof must able be able to support heavy loads. Wet soil can weight about eighty pounds per square foot.

Make sure you install a waterproof membrane to avoid ending up with a wet ceiling. The two most commonly used materials are thermoplastic sheeting or rubberized asphalt. As I am certain that you will not want to dig up your garden to replace the membrane every few years, make sure you select a product that is extremely durable. The next layer should be a filter sheet that will allow the moisture to drain off the roof while ensure that the fine material do not escape. Next comes the moisture blanket which will ensure that an extensive live roof garden has enough moisture to support life. Commercial ones can be purchased however it is also possible to use cardboard or old blankets to the same effect.

The following layer will be a drainage layer. Similar to the moisture blanket, it will help retain moisture while allowing excess water to drain away. They are usually made of plastic or geotextile materials. The top layer will be the soils and substrates. These should be lightweight and freedraining yet retain moisture. One such option is an aggregates mixed with light sub-soild such as crushed porous brick or limestone chippings. Finally come the seeds and plants. The possibilities are limited only by your imagination and the environment. Happy gardening!